Title: Default for Herpetofauna
Course: Case_Study_Module_Template

Q: Question 1
A: Answer 1

Q: Question1
- A1
- A2
- A3
- A4
A: A2

Q: Question 2
A: Answer 1

Q: What does the term 'amphibian' mean?
- both kinds of movement (e.g. swimming and walking)
- both kinds of life (i.e. on water and on land)
- both kinds of breathing (i.e. cutaneous respiration and lungs)
A: both kinds of life (i.e. on water and on land)

Q: Are the following animals amphibians, reptiles or neither?
- Zone 1 | Caecilia thompsoni
- Zone 2 | Bolitoglossa salvinii
- Zone 3 | Rhinella marina

Q: Crocodiles, turtles, snakes, lizards and dinosaurs are all reptiles.
- True
- False
A: True

Q: Which of the following statements are scientifically sound?
- Reptiles derived from an amphibian ancestor which evolved amnion, internal fertilisation and insulating features.
- Reptiles include all animals with three chambered hearts.
- Reptiles include amniotes except for mammals.
- Reptiles include turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles.
- Reptiles include vertebrates breathing exclusively with lungs, excluding birds and mammals.
A: Reptiles derived from an amphibian ancestor which evolved amnion, internal fertilisation and insulating features.; Reptiles include amniotes except for mammals.

Q: Which of the following are structures/process that allowed the evolution of amphibians from fish, and allowed them to conquer land?
- An organ to breath air.
- Limbs.
- Internal fertilisation.
- An organ to breath air and limbs.
- An organ to breath air, limbs and internal fertilisation.
A: An organ to breath air and limbs.

Q: Which of the following statements are scientifically sound?
- All amniotes have penises.
- All lizards and snakes have penises.
- All reptiles have penises.
- Except for some groups (tuataras, birds and some extinct relatives) all reptiles have penises.
- The penis is a structure which has appeared and disappeared several times in the course of amniote evolution.
A: All lizards and snakes have penises.; Except for some groups (tuataras, birds and some extinct relatives) all reptiles have penises.; The penis is a structure which has appeared and disappeared several times in the course of amniote evolution.

Q: What does tetrapod mean?
- A group containing anamniotic amphibians and amniots (mammals, birds, reptiles).
- Animals with four vertebrae.
- Ancient fish living in the Devonian.
- Vertebrates with four limbs.
A: A group containing anamniotic amphibians and amniots (mammals, birds, reptiles).; Vertebrates with four limbs.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Ancient fish lineages still have lots of extant representatives.
- Anurans are the most species rich group of amphibians.
- Caecilian fossils are very commonly found.
- Frogs and toads are phylogenetically more closely related to salamanders than to caecilians.
A: Anurans are the most species rich group of amphibians.; Frogs and toads are phylogenetically more closely related to salamanders than to caecilians.

Q: Which one of the following statements is true?
- Amphibians evolved from lungfish.
- The fact that Tiktaalik was found in the Arctic shows that the early amphibians were cold adapted.
- Tiktaalik is an ancient creature bearing features transitional between fish and amphibians.
A: Tiktaalik is an ancient creature bearing features transitional between fish and amphibians.

Q: Which one of the following statements is true?
- Anura, Caudata and Gymnophiona evolved from a common ancestor and later on they further diversified over time.
- Caudata evolved from frogs by obtaining a tail and losing the capacity for leaping.
- Legless amphibians evolved from salamanders by losing their legs and retaining their tail.
A: Anura, Caudata and Gymnophiona evolved from a common ancestor and later on they further diversified over time.

Q: Which of the following groups are monophyletic?
- All living organisms.
- Birds and bats.
- Lizards and snakes.
- Lizards, snakes and crocodiles.
- Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles and birds.
A: All living organisms.; Lizards and snakes.; Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles and birds.

Q: Which of the following are the structures/process that allowed the evolution of reptiles from amphibians, and made them independent of freshwater?
- Amnion.
- Copulation organs (penises and vaginas).
- Structures for water insulation (e.g. scales).
- Internal fertilisation.
A: Amnion.; Structures for water insulation (e.g. scales).; Internal fertilisation.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Frogs and toads are different taxa.
- Salamanders and newts have a tail in both larvae, juvenile and adult form.
- Salamanders are herbivorous.
- The largest legless amphibian has a body length of 1.5 metres.
A: Salamanders and newts have a tail in both larvae, juvenile and adult form.; The largest legless amphibian has a body length of 1.5 metres.

Q: Studying reptile diversity has much potential in it…
- because reptiles are often abundant and are good model organisms for studying patterns of biodiversity.
- because their scalation provides a lot of quantifiable data for analyses.
- but reptile specimens are very rare in museum collections.
- but their scalation is so complicated that it is impossible to use it as data source.
A: because reptiles are often abundant and are good model organisms for studying patterns of biodiversity.; because their scalation provides a lot of quantifiable data for analyses.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Amphibians hibernate exclusively on land.
- During hibernation amphibians slow down their metabolism.
- There are amphibians living beyond the Arctic Circle.
- There are amphibians surviving winter in oxygen-rich water bodies.
A: During hibernation amphibians slow down their metabolism.; There are amphibians living beyond the Arctic Circle.; There are amphibians surviving winter in oxygen-rich water bodies.

Q: What is integrative taxonomy?
- Combining different methodologies to delineate species boundaries.
- Studying several taxa in parallel.
- Several people from various disciplines are collaborative working on the same taxa.
A: Combining different methodologies to delineate species boundaries.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Advertisement calls of frogs are not characteristic enough to distinguish taxa.
- Molecular analysis helps taxonomy to uncover cryptic taxa.
- Only-field examinations are extremely important in rare species.
- Type specimens stored in museum collections help us to study diversity of species.
- X-ray micro-computed tomography is not useful in taxonomic research.
A: Molecular analysis helps taxonomy to uncover cryptic taxa.; Only-field examinations are extremely important in rare species.; Type specimens stored in museum collections help us to study diversity of species.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- All reptile families extend on all continents, except on Antarctica.
- Lizards are the most diverse reptile group.
- Reptile diversity is higher in temperate zones.
- There are no reptiles in very hot deserts.
- There are more than 10,000 species of reptiles worldwide.
A: Lizards are the most diverse reptile group.; There are more than 10,000 species of reptiles worldwide.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- A lower mean annual temperature of 2-3^oC may result in an ice sheet covering 30% of Europe
- Climate change is a contemporary phenomenon.
- Climate change occurs only in the Northern hemisphere.
- Throughout history, the Earth has experienced many climate changes.
- During glacial periods all organisms in Europe retreated into its southern peninsulas.
A: A lower mean annual temperature of 2-3^oC may result in an ice sheet covering 30% of Europe; Throughout history, the Earth has experienced many climate changes.

Q: How many amphibian species are known worldwide?
- 3,500.
- Over 7,000.
- Over 70,000.
- Similar number as reptile species.
A: Over 7,000.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Amphibians occupy all continents (except Antarctica).
- Anurans live exclusively in Africa and Europe.
- Caecilians are restricted only to India.
- Caecilians are restricted only to the tropics.
- Salamanders are distributed almost exclusively on the Northern Hemisphere.
A: Amphibians occupy all continents (except Antarctica).; Caecilians are restricted only to the tropics.; Salamanders are distributed almost exclusively on the Northern Hemisphere.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Analysis of morphology and analysis of genes often come to the same taxonomic conclusions.
- Descriptions of new species were mostly based on morphology in the past.
- Morphological studies are not enough to describe new species.
- Only genetic analyses can reliably define new species.
A: Analysis of morphology and analysis of genes often come to the same taxonomic conclusions.; Descriptions of new species were mostly based on morphology in the past.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- As museum specimens have been accumulating for more than two centuries, they are often numerous enough to use their locality data to map the range of distribution of many species.
- Collecting DNA samples from species is easy and cheap, therefore preserved museum specimens have become superfluous in taxonomic research.
- DNA and morphology based taxonomic analyses give the same results; therefore it is reasonable to use only one of these methods to lower costs of research.
- Specimens collected in the past were often preserved in a way that ruined their DNA.
A: As museum specimens have been accumulating for more than two centuries, they are often numerous enough to use their locality data to map the range of distribution of many species.; Specimens collected in the past were often preserved in a way that ruined their DNA.

Q: Which of the following adaptations of amphibians actually do exist?
- Breathe without lungs or gills.
- Eggs hatch on parent’s skin.
- Eggs incubate in vocal sacs.
- Live up to ten years without food.
- Reproduce without a female.
- Regenerate entire limbs.
A: Breathe without lungs or gills.; Eggs hatch on parent’s skin.; Eggs incubate in vocal sacs.; Live up to ten years without food.; Reproduce without a female.; Regenerate entire limbs.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Dart frogs jump on their predators with a high speed.
- Some amphibians are independent of freshwater.
- Some amphibian species live exclusively in water.
- There are marine amphibian species in the tropics.
- There are amphibian species that live exclusively in caves.
- There are amphibian species that live in deserts.
A: Some amphibian species live exclusively in water.; There are amphibian species that live exclusively in caves.; There are amphibian species that live in deserts.

Q: Which of the following reptile adaptations actually do exist?
- One single species can have the following anti-predatory adaptations: camouflage, thorns, staying still, short sprints, inflate body to appear larger, squirt blood.
- Active flight.
- Shout loudly to frighten predators.
- Swim in the sand.
- X-ray vision.
A: One single species can have the following anti-predatory adaptations: camouflage, thorns, staying still, short sprints, inflate body to appear larger, squirt blood.; Swim in the sand.

Q: Which of the following statements are true? Select all of the correct answers.
- Amphibians almost exclusively breed in water.
- Amphibians need water for the fertilisation of their eggs.
- Reptiles need water for the fertilisation of their eggs.
- Reptile reproduction is completely independent of water.
A: Amphibians almost exclusively breed in water.; Reptile reproduction is completely independent of water.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- Amphibians always need to return to water to drink.
- Amphibians always stay in water to avoid dehydration.
- Amphibians need environments that are wet enough or often wet enough to allow the absorption of the amount of water they need.
- Reptiles are so drought tolerant that they never need to drink.
- Reptiles need to drink just as all amniotes.
A: Amphibians need environments that are wet enough or often wet enough to allow the absorption of the amount of water they need.; Reptiles need to drink just as all amniotes.

Q: Which of the following statements are true?
- All amphibian species hibernate in winter.
- Amphibians hibernate only in temperate climate.
- Only frogs, toads and caecilians hibernate in winter.
- None of the amphibians hibernate in winter because only mammals are able to hibernate.
A: Amphibians hibernate only in temperate climate.

Q: Reptiles are poikilotherms which means that…
- they die in a cold climate.
- their eggs need sunshine to hatch.
- they have cold blood.
- their body temperature depends on the temperature of their environment.
A: their body temperature depends on the temperature of their environment.

Q: The skin of reptiles is…
- dry and keratinised as the human skin, but it has scales as in birds.
- wet and cold just like all crawling creatures.
- similar to that of amphibians, except that they have scales.
- similar to that of fish and therefore they are closely related.
A: dry and keratinised as the human skin, but it has scales as in birds.

Q: Where do reptiles lay their eggs?
- In terrestrial habitats, but like amphibians, in small ponds and swamps.
- On land and in most cases they leave them to hatch on their own.
- On land, preferably in humid protected places such as burrows, crevices, hollow trees or in loose soil.
- Wherever they live, in water or on land.
A: On land and in most cases they leave them to hatch on their own.; On land, preferably in humid protected places such as burrows, crevices, hollow trees or in loose soil.

Q: How do reptiles regulate their body temperature?
- They actively select that part of the environment providing the necessary heat they need.
- They are continuously basking in the sun.
- They feed on nutrient rich diet.
- They use heat produced from their metabolism.
A: They actively select that part of the environment providing the necessary heat they need.